*Pramāṇavārttikavṛtti (="Svavṛtti") by Dharmakīrti

The Vṛtti, usually referred to as "Svavṛtti" (in accordance with its Tibetan translation Subhūtiśrīśānti and (rma) dge ba’i blo gros, trans. mid-11th century Peking 5717a Ce 404b3 and Karṇakagomin's Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛttiṭīkā Sāṅkṛtyāyana 1943 p. 370,26; 371,11; 619,17) is not just to be seen as a commentary on the first chapter of the Pramāṇavārttika; as Frauwallner 1954 (pp. 147f.) has shown, it was rather originally an independent work (together with the verses), which then became a part of the Pramāṇavārttika. Frauwallner referred to this work hypothetically as *Hetuprakaraṇa (Frauwallner 1954 p. 152). Hence this work, most often considered as an auto-commentary, is rather to be seen as the prose part of Dharmakīrti’s first work, composed as a unit of verse and prose. On the occasion of the Pramāṇavārttika’s composition, this first work was then revised by its author in substantial ways (cf. also Introduction to Malvania 1959, pp. 11f.).

Commentaries

Classical Translations

FULL EDITIONS

  • SANSKRIT

    • Gnoli, Raniero. 1960. The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: The First Chapter with the Autocommentary. Text and Critical Notes. SOR, Serie Orientale Roma 23. Roma: IsMEO.
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    • Malvania, Dalsukh. 1959. Svārthānumāna-Parichchheda by Dharmakīrti. Hindu Vishvavidyalaya Nepal Rajya Skt. Ser. 2. Varanasi: Hindu Vishavavidyalaya Skt. Publ. Board.
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    • Sāṅkṛtyāyana, Rāhula. 1938/1940. “Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika with a Commentary by Manorathanandin.” Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Reseach Society: New Series 24–26: 349–84.
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PARTIAL EDITIONS

  • SANSKRIT

    • Mookerjee, Satkari, and Hojun Nagasaki. 1964. The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: An English Translation of the First Chapter with the Autocommentary and with Elaborate Comments. Nava Nālandā Mahāvihāra Research Publication 4. Patna: Nava Nālandā Mahāvihāra.
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    • Pandeya, Ram Chandra, ed. 1989. The Pramāṇavārttikam of Ācārya Dharmakīrti: With the Commentaries Svopajñavṛtti of the Author and Pramāṇavārttikavṛtti of Manorathanandin. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
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PARTIAL TRANSLATIONS

  • GERMAN

    • Steinkellner, Ernst. 2013. Dharmakīrtis frühe Logik. Annotierte Übersetzung der logischen Teile von Pramāṇavārttika 1 mit der Vṛtti: 1. Introduction, Übersetzung, Analyse. Tōkyō: International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies.
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  • ENGLISH

    • Dunne, John. 2004. Foundations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
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    • Eltschinger, Vincent, John Taber, Michael Torsten Much, and Isabelle Ratié. 2018. Dharmakīrti’s Theory of Exclusion (Apoha). Part I. On Concealing. An Annotated Translation of Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti 24,16–45,20 (Pramāṇavārttika 1.40–91). Studia Philologica Buddhica 36. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
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    • Hayes, Richard, and Brendan Gillon. 2008. “Dharmakīrti on the Role of Causation in Inference as Presented in Pramāṇavārttika Svopajñavṛtti 11–38.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 36 (3): 335–404.
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    • Hayes, Richard P., and Brendan S. Gillon. 1991. ‘Introduction to Dharmakīrti’s Theory of Inference as Presented in Pramāṇavārttika Svopajñavṛtti 1-10.’ JIP 19: 1–73.
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    • Mookerjee, Satkari, and Hojun Nagasaki. 1964. The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: An English Translation of the First Chapter with the Autocommentary and with Elaborate Comments. Nava Nālandā Mahāvihāra Research Publication 4. Patna: Nava Nālandā Mahāvihāra.
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    • Ota, Shinkai. 1981. “Dharmakīrti’s Criticism of Sāṃkhya Theory of Universal: A Translation of Pramāṇavārttika I and Svavṛtti-Verses 163-180.” Kyūshū Ryūkoku Tankidaigaku Kiyō [*Bulletin of Kyushu Ryukoku Junior College] 27: 1–21.
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    • Sakai, Masamichi. 2011. ‘Dharmakīrti’s Interpretation of the Causelessness of Destruction.’ Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Südasiens 54: 187–202.
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    • Steinkellner, Ernst. 2004. “The Early Dharmakīrti on the Purpose of Examples.” In The Role of the Example (Dṛṣṭānta) in Classical Indian Logic, edited by Shōryū Katsura and Ernst Steinkellner, 225–50. WSTB, Wiener Studien Zur Tibetologie Und Buddhismuskunde 58. Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien.
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    • Vora, Pradyumna, and Shinkai Ōta. 1979. “A Translation of Pramāṇavārttika I and Svavṛtti (1).” Saga Ryūkoku Tanki Daigaku Kiyō [Bulletin of Saga Ryūkoku Junior College] 25: 71–90.
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    • Vora, Pradyumna, and Shinkai Ōta. 1980. “A Translation of Pramāṇavārttika I and Svavṛtti (2).” Saga Ryūkoku Tanki Daigaku Kiyō [Bulletin of Saga Ryūkoku Junior College] 26: 1–19.
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    • Vora, Pradyumna, and Shinkai Ōta. 1982. “A Translation of Pramāṇavārttika I and Svavṛtti (3).” Saga Ryūkoku Tanki Daigaku Kiyō [Bulletin of Saga Ryūkoku Junior College] 28: 1–22.
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    • Yaita, Hideomi. 1985. “On Anupalabdhi: Annotated Translation of Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti.” Taishō Daigaku Daigakuin Kenkyū Ronshū 9: 216–199.
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    • Yaita, Hideomi. 1987. “Dharmakīrti on the Authority of Buddhist Scriptures (Āgama): An Annotated Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika-Svavṛttiḥ Ad v. 213-217.” Nihon Bukkyō [*Journal of Japanese Buddhism] 58: 1–17.
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    • Yaita, Hideomi. 1988. “Dharmakīrti on the Person Free from Faults: Annotated Translation of the Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛttiḥ, Ad v. 218-223.” Naritasan Bukkyō Kenkyūjo Kiyō [Journal of Naritasan Institute of Buddhist Studies] 11: 433–45.
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    • Yaita Hideomi. 2005. Bukkyō chishikiron no genten kenkyū [*Three texts from the Buddhist pramāṇa Tradition]. Narita: Narita Shinshoji.
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    • Yaita, Hideomi. n.d. Dharmakīirti’s Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti Ad vv. 198-223.
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    • Zwilling, Leonard. 1976. Dharmakīrti on Apoha: The Ontology, Epistemology and Semantics of Negation in the Svārthānumānapariccheda of the Pramāṇavārttikam. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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  • FRENCH

    • Eltschinger, Vincent. 2003. Dharmakirti sur les écritures et l’incription du Veda: Autour de Pramāṇavārttika I.213–268 et Svavṛtti: traduction francaise et edition de la version tibétaine, précédées d’une introduction historiques et doctrinale. Université des Lausanne.
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  • JAPANESE

    • Akimoto Masaru. 1989. “Āgama ron nōto: Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti 350-355 wayaku [*A note on (Dharmakīrti’s) āgama theory: Japanese ranslation of Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti 350-355].” Chikushi Jogakuen Tanki Daigaku Kiyō [*Journal of Chikushi Jogakuen Junior College] 1: 1–7.
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    • Noriyama Satoru. 1993. “Dharmakīrti no ‘Jishō-shōin no bunrui’: Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti kenkyū (I) (kk. 186-189) [*Dharmakīrti’s svabhāvahetupravibhāga: Studies on the Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti (I) (kk. 186-189)].” Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū [*Studies in Buddhism] 49: 74–104.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1988. “Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: ‘Pramāṇavārttika’ Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (1) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (I)].” Tetsugaku Nenpō [Annual of Philosophy] 47: 15–36.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1988. “Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: ‘Pramāṇavārttika’ Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (2) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (II)].” Nishinihon Shūkyōgaku Zasshi [*Journal of Nishi-Nippon Association for the History of Religions] 10: 12–22.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1989. “Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: ‘Pramāṇavārttika’ Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (3) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (III)].” Tetsugaku Nenpō [*Annual of Philosophy] 48: 53–74.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1990. “Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: ‘Pramāṇavārttika’ Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (4) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (IV)].” Tetsugaku Nenpō [*Annual of Philosophy] 49: 43–60.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1990. “Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: ‘Pramāṇavārttika’ Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (5) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (V)].” Nishinihon Shūkyōgaku Zasshi [*Journal of Nishi-Nippon Association for the History of Religions] 12: 15–24.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1991. “Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: ‘Pramāṇavārttika’ Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (7) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (VII)].” Tetsugaku Nenpō [*Annual of Philosophy] 50: 89–116.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1991. “Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: ‘Pramāṇavārttika’ Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (8) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (VIII)].” Nishinihon Shūkyōgaku Zasshi [*Journal of Nishi-Nippon Association for the History of Religions] 13: 79–94.
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    • Ōmae Futoshi. 1991. Dharmakīrti No Seiten Kan: “Pramāṇavārttika” Dai 1 Shō Oyobi Jichū No Wayaku (6) [*Dharmakīrti on Scriptures: A Translation of the Pramāṇavārttika, Chapter I and Svavṛtti (VI)]. Edited by Ihara Shōren Hakase Koki Kinenkai. Fukuoka-shi: Ihara Shōren Hakase Koki Kinenkai.
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    • Ōta Shinkai. 1985. “Dharmakīrti (Hosshō) Cho ‘Tadashii Ninshiki Ni Kansuru Hyōshaku: Jiko Suiri Shō’ Oyobi Jichū: Wayaku (1), Dai 95 Ge - Dai 106 Ge [*A Translation of Chapter of Inference for One’s Own Self, Verses 95-106 of Pramāṇa-Vārttika and Svavṛtti].” Saga Ryūkoku Tanki Daigaku Kiyō [Bulletin of Saga Ryūkoku Junior College] 31: 175–99.
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    • Ōta Shinkai. 1986. “Dharmakīrti (Hosshō) Cho ‘Tadashii Ninshiki Ni Kansuru Hyōshaku: Jiko Suiri Shō’ Oyobi Jichū: Wayaku (2), Dai 107 Ge - Dai 123 Ge [*A Translation of Chapter of Inference for One’s Own Self, Verses 107-123 of Pramāṇa-Vārttika and Svavṛtti].” Kyūshū Ryūkoku Tankidaigaku Kiyō [*Bulletin of Kyushu Ryukoku Junior College] 32: 181–97.
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    • Ōta Shinkai. 1987. “Dharmakīrti (Hosshō) Cho ‘Tadashii Ninshiki Ni Kansuru Hyōshaku: Jiko Suiri Shō’ Oyobi Jichū: Wayaku (3), Dai 124 Ge - Dai 142 Ge [*A Translation of Chapter of Inference for One’s Own Self, Verses 124-142 of Pramāṇa-Vārttika and Svavṛtti].” Kyūshū Ryūkoku Tankidaigaku Kiyō [*Bulletin of Kyushu Ryukoku Junior College] 33: 335–53.
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    • Ōta Shinkai. 1988. “Dharmakīrti (Hosshō) Cho ‘Tadashii Ninshiki Ni Kansuru Hyōshaku: Jiko Suiri Shō’ Oyobi Jichū: Wayaku (4), Dai 143 Ge - Dai 162 Ge: Jitsuzaironteki Fuhenron Hihan [*A Translation of Chapter of Inference for One’s Own Self, Verses 143-162 of Pramāṇa-Vārttika and Svavṛtti: The Criticism for Realistic Universalism].” Kyūshū Ryūkoku Tankidaigaku Kiyō [*Bulletin of Kyushu Ryukoku Junior College] 34: 1–33.
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    • Wakahara Yushō. 1988. “Mantra no kōka to zenchisha: Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti kenkyū (1) (vv. 292-311) [*The efficacy of mantras and the omniscient being: Studies in the Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti (1) (vv. 292-311)].” Bukkyō Shigaku Kenkyū [*Journal of the History of Buddhism] 31: 1–27.
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    • Wakahara Yushō. 1995. “Bukkyōto no Jaina-kyō hihan. 1 [*Buddhist criticism of Jainism. 1].” 龍谷大学論集 [*Journal of Ryūkoku University] 447: 69–71.
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INDICES, GLOSSARIES

  • FRENCH

    • Eltschinger, Vincent. 2007. Penser l’autorité des Écritures: La polemique de Dharmakīrti contre la notion brahmanique orthodoxe d’un Veda sans auteur. Autour de Pramāṇavārttika 1.213-268 et Svavṛtti. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 56. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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DISCUSSIONS

  • ENGLISH

    • David, Hugo. 2020. “Action Theory and Scriptural Exegesis in Early Advaita-Vedānta (2): Maṇḍana Miśra’s Excursus on the Buddha’s Omniscience.” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 41–76. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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    • Eltschinger, Vincent. 2023. “What Comes First, Word or Sentence Meaning? Dharmakīrti as a Contextualist.” In To the Heart of Truth: Felicitation Volume for Eli Franco on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday: Part II, edited by Hiroko Matsuoka, Shinya Moriyama, and Tyler Neill, 413–53. Wien: Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien.
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    • Franco, Eli. 2020. “On the Determination of Causation by Dharmakīrti.” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 77–90. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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    • Fukuda, Yoichi. 2020. “Reinterpretation of the Compound Svabhāva-Pratibandha in Dharmakīrti’s Logical Theory.” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 91–109. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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    • Gorisse, Marie-Hélène. 2020. “Jain Conceptions of Non-Cognition: A Dialogue with Dharmakīrti on Inferential Evidence.” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 111–28. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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    • Hugon, Pascale. 2009. “Breaking the Circle. Dharmakīrti’s Response to the Charge of Circularity Against the Apoha Theory and its Tibetan Adaptation.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 37 (6): 533–57.
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    • Inami, Masahiro. 2020. “Two Kinds of Causal Capacity: Sāmānyā Śaktiḥ and Pratiniyatā Śaktiḥ.” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 155–76. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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    • Kano, Kyo. 2011. “Sātmaka, Nairātmya, and A-Nairātmya: Dharmakīrti’s Counter-Argument Against the Proof of Ātman.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 39 (4–5): 391–410.
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    • Nakasuka, Miyuki. 2020. “Dharmakīrti’s Apoha Theory: Perceptual Judgment and the Lack of Superimposition (Samāropaviveka).” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 283–99. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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    • Steinkellner, Ernst. 2020. “Closing a Gap in the Interpretation of Dharmakīrti’s Logic.” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 429–40. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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    • Watanabe, Toshikazu. 2020. “Dharmakīrti and His Successors on Āśrayāsiddha and Prasaṅgaviparyaya.” In Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy, edited by Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, and Sara McClintock, 513–28. Beiträge Zur Kultur- Und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 104. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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  • FRENCH

    • Eltschinger, Vincent. 2007. Penser l’autorité des Écritures: La polemique de Dharmakīrti contre la notion brahmanique orthodoxe d’un Veda sans auteur. Autour de Pramāṇavārttika 1.213-268 et Svavṛtti. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 56. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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  • JAPANESE

    • Hatano, Kisho. 2016. “Pramāṇavārttika Zichū Ni Okeru Adhyavasāya No Ichizuke [*The Position of Adhyavasāya in the Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti].” Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū [Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies] 65 (1): 400–403.
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    • Hatano, Kisho. 2017. “Dharmakīrti Ni Okeru Huhen to Dōitsukitaisē Ni Tsuite [*Dharmakīrti on Sāmānya and Sāmānādhikaraṇya].” Ōtani Daigaku Daigakuin Kiyō [Research Report of the Graduate School of Ōtani University], no. 34: 1–15.
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    • Hatano, Kisho. 2017. “Dharmakīrti No Motiiru Gūsō No Kōsatsu [*A Study of Sāmānyalakṣaṇa in Dharmakīrti].” Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū [Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies] 66 (1): 430–33.
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    • Hatano, Kishō. 2019. “Dharmakīrti No Apoha-Ron Ni Okeru Ākṣepa Oyobi Pratikṣepa No Kōsatsu [*A Study of Ākṣepa and Pratikṣepa in Dharmakīrtiʼs Apoha Theory].” Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū [Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies] 68 (1): 380–376.
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    • Nakasuka, Miyuki. 2014. “Dharmakīrti No Hutaku No Haijo Ron: Adhyavasāya, Niścaya, Chikaku Handan No Kankei o Megutte [*Dharmakīrti’s Theory of Samāropavyavaccheda: The Relationship between Adhyavasāya, Niścaya, and Perceptual Judgment].” Minami Ajia Kotengaku [South Asian Classical Studies] 9: 397–418.
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    • Nakasuka, Miyuki. 2015. “Dharmakīrti No Apoha Ron: Chikaku Handan to Hutaku No Ketsujo (Samāropaviveka) [*Dharmakīrti’s Apoha Theory: Perceptual Judgment and the Lack of Superimposition (Samāropaviveka)].” Minami Ajia Kotengaku [South Asian Classical Studies 10: 363–83.
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    • Nakasuka, Miyuki. 2019. “Dharmakīrti No Gengo Ron Ni Okeru Niveśa [*Dharmakīrti on Niveśa in His Theory of Language].” Minami Ajia Kotengaku [South Asian Classical Studies] 14: 267–92.
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    • Nakasuka, Miyuki. 2019. “Sai Toshite No Apoha [*Apoha as Difference].” Hikaku Ronri Gaku Kenkyū [Annals of the Research Project Center for the Comparative Study of Logic] 16: 85–110.
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    • Nakasuka, Miyuki. 2021. “Hunbetsuchi No Sakugosē to Sono Gen-in o Megutte: Dharmakīrti to Dharmottara [*Dharmakīrti and Dharmottara on the Erroneousness of Conceptual Cognitions and Its Causes].” Minami Ajia Kotengaku [South Asian Classical Studies] 16: 365–402.
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    • Nakasuka, Miyuki, and Suguru Ishimura. 2018. “Sāmānyalakṣaṇa Towa Nani Ka: Niṣṭhā to Adhyavasāya [*Dharmakīrti on Sāmānyalakṣaṇa: With the Focus on Niṣṭhā and Adhyavasāya].” Minami Ajia Kotengaku [South Asian Classical Studies] 13: 245–79.
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